Spanish Christmas Songs and Carols

Singing Christmas carols in Spanish can be an enjoyable way to put your Spanish skills to good use. On the one hand, you will practice pronunciation and learn new vocabulary, and on the other, by reading the lyrics, you can identify the parts of speech that you are already familiar with. When and Where Do We Sing These Songs? Christmas traditions are big in Spanish and Hispanic cultures given their Catholic heritage, and most people decorate their houses with mangers  as well as with trees. The Hispanic tradition calls for the novena or posada, the nine nights before Christmas Day when you meet with friends and family, read prayers from a novenario, eat lots of good food and of course, sing many songs. These novenas take place in family homes, but some neighborhoods host them in open spaces. This collection of seasonal songs contains some that are commonly sung in novenas but also at church during Christmas celebrations, particularly during the Holy Mass that takes place on December 24th at midnight (remember that for most Hispanics the big Christmas celebrations happen on Christmas Eve and not on Christmas Day). Practicing Spanish Through Villancicos Below is an index of links to popular Christmas carols in Spanish, also known as villancicos, paired with their English versions. Note that in some cases the translations listed here arent the only ones available, so dont be surprised if the Spanish lyrics arent the same as youve seen somewhere else or sung before. For example, Silent Night, Holy Night has been translated as both Noche de paz, noche de amor and Noche de luz, noche de paz. Note also that in a few cases the translations are far from literal: anyone who has tried translating songs will understand why it is so difficult, as it requires the songs meaning, rhythm, and rhyme to be conveyed in the resulting translation. Some of the carols include a grammar and vocabulary guide for classroom use or personal study. With the exception of the English version of Los Peces en el Rà ­o (an original for this site), all these songs are in the public domain, so feel free to share them with your classroom or music group. Write down all the new vocabulary you learn, and conjugate each new verb in all the tenses you already know. There is no better way to learn than through catchy songs! Away in a Manger, Jesà ºs en pesebreDeck the Halls, Ya Llegà ³ la NavidadThe Fishes in the River, Los peces en el rà ­oHark, the Herald Angels Sing, Escuchad el son triunfalJingle Bells; Cascabel; Navidad, Navidad; CascabelesJoy to the World;  ¡Regocijad! Jesà ºs nacià ³O Christmas Tree (O Tannenbaum), Quà © verdes sonO Come All Ye Faithful (Adeste Fideles); Venid, venid fielesO Holy Night, Noche sagradaO Little Town of Bethlehem, Oh pueblecito de Belà ©nSilent Night, Noche de pazThe Twelve Days of Christmas, Los doce dà ­as de NavidadWhat Child Is This?,  ¿Quà © nià ±o es à ©ste? Spanish Vocabulary Related to Christmas Songs As you learn these songs or learn about Christmas traditions in Spain and Latin America, here are some words you may come across: An angel is an à ¡ngel.A Christmas tree is an à ¡rbol de Navidad.Jesà ºs is the Spanish name for Jesus and remains in common use.Marà ­a and Josà © are the Spanish names for Mary and Joseph.Navidad, related to the verb nacer (to be born), is the word for Christmas. It is capitalized in standard Spanish, although not always in popular use. The adjective form is navideà ±o.Nochebuena, literally meaning Good Night, refers to Christmas Eve.The most common name used for Santa Clause is Papà ¡ Noel (literally Father Christmas), although others are also used. They include San Nicolà ¡s (St. Nicolas), Santa Claus, and Viejecito Pascuero (Old Man Christmas).A shepherd is a pastor. The word is a cognate of the English pastor, coming from the idea that a pastor has a flock under his or her care.Although there are several words for manger, the Spanish word for a animal feeding trough used most often at Christmas is pesebre.

Introduction Red bull is an energy drink created in 1987...

Introduction: Red bull is an energy drink created in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz. Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the whole world. In 2012, there were more than 5 billion cans sold around the world. The companys slogan is †Red Bull gives you wings†, meaning that it will give you energy. Red bull advertises itself through different events that it creates such as † Red Bull crashed ice.†, sports team ownerships and so on. Red Bull is also very commonly advertised through different athletes that are athletes in the field of extreme sports such as heli skiing or BMX biking. Red Bull is a very popular product among the young adults, that are into different kinds of exreme sports that Red Bull is advertised at. Opportunities†¦show more content†¦Threats: Health concerns There has been discussion about the health issues concering Red Bull. Red Bull contains high amounts of caffeine and some experts have stated that it can be a cause of death in some situations. Some countries such as Denmark have even banned the consumption of Red Bull. Although there are many health concerns, there is also another side to the story. In Norway Red Bull is used as medicine and in Japan it used to be sold in pharmacies. In addition to those, there is of course the very big concern when Red Bull is mixed with alcohol the affects of caffeine and taurine on the human body can cause many side effects such as increased blood pressure, shortness of breath, insomnia and the list could go on. All in all it has many side affects that can not be considered as positive ones. Consumer awareness of health and well being The fact and the statistics show that people are becoming more and more concerned about their health and what they are consuming on daily basis. Bottled water is now being sold more than ever in the past 20 years. This puts Red Bull in a dangerous position as it has many side affects and people are constantly becoming more and more aware of them, which means that in the near future it migh decrease the sales of Red Bull. Core competencies Red Bull has created an image for power, speedShow MoreRelatedDirect Marketing with Red Bull!1369 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction How should Red Bull market its brand in the future? I think, although Red Bull has been extremely successful in the past, times have changed and the company and products should change with it, otherwise we probably lose market share to the tremendous increased number of competitors in no time.At the height of early mornings and late nights, Red Bull energy drink became the fuel of choice for people from all walks of life. So how is Red Bull marketing its brand to meet the changing needsRead MoreAssignment of Marketing2273 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The Red Bull energy drink was launched in Austrlia in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz. Dietrich Mateschitz grew up in a small village in Styria, Austria. After graduating with a degree in world trade he decided to become a â€Å"really good marketing man.† Dietrich Mateschitz met up with Chaleo Yoovidhya at the beginning of 1980s and they decided to start an energy drinks together. Realizing that energy drinks product could have good potential in Western markets, Mateschitz obtained the licenseRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Red Bull952 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In 1984, after discovering the tonic drinks in Thailand. Red Bull developed the Energy Drink, and launching Red Bull energy drink on the Austrian market in 1987. Since then, Red Bull has launched a range of products in 167 countries, it branded itself as a market leader and premium products. Red Bull is a high road brand, it uses a progressive marketing strategy. This type of strategy aims to constantly evolve and develop the brand. The High Road Brand: The Energy drink market is dominatedRead MorePr of Red Bull1789 Words   |  8 Pages| RED BULL | Public Relations | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT * Arpan Gudkha- 14 * Akash Khetan – 19 * Lekh Bhatia – 22 * Neeraj Rengarajan – 27 * Rajat Hegde - 29 * Naren Mansukhani – 57 | We would like to thank our Professor Christine Dlima for this opportunity to put to test the theory we have been studying at college, and to go out into the real world and see how things work, for ourselves. We would like to greatly thank Mr Rohan Vyavaharkar(Head of Communications-RedRead MoreRed Bull Management: Marketing, Competitors, Target Audience, Challenges, and Factors2066 Words   |  9 Pages Index 1. Introduction 2. Red bull marketing strategy 3. Red bull competitors 4. Red bull audience target 5. Red Bull challenges faced by the management decision strategy 6. Red bull internal and external factors 7. Conclusion (Devi 2011) Introduction It increases endurance, accelerates the ability of concentration and reaction rate, gives more energy and improves mood. All this can be found in a can of Red Bull energy drink that, thanks in large part to a good marketingRead MoreRed Bull Marketing3878 Words   |  16 PagesThe Red Bull Branding Story Report by: myparanoidego Table Of Contents: Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 2.0 Brand Positioning and Values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 8 3.0 Brand Characteristics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 11 4.0 Product Benefits and Consumer Satisfaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 5.0 Brand Communities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 6.0 Brand Equities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 7.0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreKjafh2187 Words   |  9 PagesBUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES RESEARCH ON SMART MARKETING STRATEGY OF RED BULL AND HOW THE COMPANY MAINTAIN ITS LEADING POSITION IN ENERGY DRINK INDUSTRY TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ABSTRACT 4 II. INTRODUCTION 4 III. BACKGROUND OF RED BULL 5 IV. LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.6-7 V. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 VI. RESEARCH QUESTIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 VII. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9-12 VIII. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦13 Read MoreRed Bull Marketing Plan7856 Words   |  32 PagesHow Red Bull woke up the teen market It looks (and tastes) like medicine, but it still conquered the soft drinks trade. Now the edgy pick-me-up is moving into the grown-up world of motor racing. John Arlidge reports reddit this John Arlidge The Observer, Sunday 5 December 2004 Article history At this time of year fallen leaves shroud the carefully planned suburbs of Milton Keynes. Mist drifts in from the fields. The posh car firms - Mercedes, Volkswagen, Audi - whose UK head offices ringRead MoreEssay on How Red Bull Maintain Their Stronghold8091 Words   |  33 PagesContents0.0 Abstract 1.0 Introduction 2.0 History 3.0 Does Red Bull ® Revitalise the Body and Mind? 3.1 What are the ingredients in Red Bull ®? 3.2 Red Bull ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s adverse health effects 3.3 Has Red Bull ® profited from controversy? Page(s) 2 3 3-4 4-5 5 6 6-7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11-12 13 14 14 15-16 16-17 17 17 18 18-19 20 21-24 25 4.0 Red Bull ® a non-descript market? 5.0 How is Red Bull Marketed? 5.1 Sponsorship 5.2 Advertising 5.3 Brand Image 5.4 Some of Red Bull’s extreme sports athletes and eventsRead MoreRedbull Case5803 Words   |  24 PagesJournal of Sponsorship Volume 3 Number 4 Entrepreneurship through sports marketing: A case analysis of Red Bull in sport Samantha Gorse, Simon Chadwick* and Nicholas Burton Received (in revised form): 14th Aprii, 2010 *Centre for the International Business of Sport, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK Tel: -H44 24 7688 7688; Fax: -i-44 24 7688 8400; E-mail: simon.chadwick@coventry.ac.uk Samantha Gorse is a doctoral candidate at Coventry University Business Sciiooi and

Psycotropic Drugs Used in Children Free Essays

A report on the use of Psychotropic drugs used to control active children Lauren L. Dewar April 20, 2010 Introduction At eleven years of age, Thomas Edison was taken out of school because his teachers considered him difficult and he â€Å"could not be taught. † While in school Edison’s mind often wandered and his teacher was overheard calling him â€Å"addled. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycotropic Drugs Used in Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Another labeled him as retarded. This ended his three months of official schooling. Because of this Thomas’s mother home schooled him and taught him math, reading, and writing. He then went on to become one of the greatest inventors of all times. In today’s â€Å"find a cure† society Thomas Edison would have most definitely been put on the now very popular medications Ritalin, Adderall, or Prozac. These are mind-altering psychotropic drugs used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Taking that into consideration, one might ask themselves that if Thomas had indeed been put on these medications, would he have ever been capable of experimenting and discovering his great inventions? After analyzing the data, this report will make it clear that children should not be prescribed such mind altering medications to control their activeness. It will be clear that these drugs have serious short and long-term side effects, sometimes even death. Through research it will also be clear that there is no diagnosis for ADHD and that the checklist doctors go by to diagnose ADHD is not enough proof of a disease that needs to be medicated. This report includes four sections: background information, my methodology, results of the study, and conclusion and recommendations. Background Information For starters, there is no scientific basis for diagnosing ADHD. Often times it is the school counselor or social workers who are simply not equipped to make mental health assessments making the ADHD diagnoses (Williams). Simply, if a child is observed to be acting bored, distracted and/or boisterous in the classroom , he or she is often believed to be suffering from ADHD, as opposed to suffering from, say, childhood (Williams). Recent reports suggest a trend of increasing prevalence of psychotropic drug prescriptions among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, reasons for increased use of medications is unclear (Guevara). Through my research I also found that children as young as the age of two are being placed on these medications. So now the â€Å"terrible two’s† is being replaced with â€Å"children with behavioral problems. † The rest of my report will focus on statistics, short and long-term effects, and alternatives. I will also go over the history of the use of drugs to control children’s behavior. A Brief History â€Å"Werry (1999) noted that the use of drugs to control children’s behavior is an old practice. From the use of brandy to soothe infants to other sedating drugs such as barbiturates and opiates, children have been administered psychotropic agents as long as such agents have existed; however, research on such practices dates only to the early 20th century† (Ingersoll). Methodology My methodology was mostly research though Academic Search Complete. I researched articles on statistics, procedures, diagnoses, and individual stories of real life people who have dealt with these drugs and ADHD. I also researched drug free alternatives to controlling ADHD or Hyperactivity in children. Results of Study 1. Studies show that it is estimated that between 6 million and 8 million children have been prescribed Ritalin to treat the still scientifically unproven â€Å"mental illness† called ADHD. â€Å"This widespread doping in turn has increased concern that that school age children are being drugged to control their behavior† (O’Meara, Hyper-Drugging of Active Kids). I also found in my research that in 1985, there was an astonishing 500,000 cases. Not even five years later that number jumped to 7,000,000. â€Å"According to The Times, in the year 2000 close to 20 million prescriptions were written for ADD medicines like Ritalin† (Null, 2001). Today, one in every thirty between the ages of 5 and 19 has a prescription of Ritalin. Believe it or not, the number of prescribed toddlers between ages 2 and 4 has doubled or even tripled since 1991. They have now replaced the â€Å"terrible two’s† with â€Å"children with behavioral problems. † It is between the ages of 2 through 4 that the human brain goes through major maturing and developing stages. To have these children this young on these psychotropic drugs should bother any rational thinking parents, teachers, and doctors. 2. Unfortunately, if you think the statistics are bad, the side effects are catastrophic. Through my studies I found that these side effects include decreased appetit, insomnia, anxiousness or fearfulness, irritability, decreased spontaneity, depression, headaches, stomach aches, tics (e. g. , twitches, jerks, blinks, and squints), skin rash, embarrassment, psychosis, and even fatal overdoses. They are also an early training into drug addiction. Looking then at the risk of abuse potential for stimulants later in life, Fone and Nutt state that â€Å"†¦the oral, rather than the intravenous, route of administration of methylphenidate limits abuse potential owing to lower bioavailability and increased (first-pass) metabolism† (Leonard). So the question posed is why parents would and schools want to take the risks of these medications with their children? 3. Studies show that there is no actual diagnosis for ADHD. Fred Baughman, a child neurologist, researcher and staunch critic of ADHD diagnoses, tells Insight, â€Å"It is my duty as a doctor to know whether patients have a disease and whether previously rendered diagnoses, such as ADHD, are proven diseases. I have been unable to validate or demonstrate a disease or objective physical abnormality in children said to have ADHD. Finding no objective physical abnormality, including a chemical one, means they have no disease; they are physically, medically and neurologically normal† (O’Meara, Hyper-Drugging of Active Kids) Fig 1: Percentage of children who did and did not have ADHD and received pharmacy fills for nonstimulant psychotropic medications. All categories of medications between children who did and did not have ADHD were statistically significant (P lt; . 001) by ? [sup2] test. The probability of nonstimulant use by category of neurobehavioral disorder was estimated (Table 3). Among children of the same category of age, gender, mental health service use, and non-ADHD disorder, children who were identified as having ADHD were more likely to receive TCAs (adjusted OR: 12. 4; 95% CI: 7. 6-20. 3), SSRIs (adjusted OR: 4. 3; 95% CI: 2. 7-6. 9), and [alpha] adrenergic agonists (adjusted OR: 32. 0; 95% CI: 17. 3-59. 4) than were children who did not have ADHD. Similarly, children who had internalizing disorders were more likely to receive TCAs (adjusted OR: 25. 3; 95% CI: 6. 1-104. ) and SSRIs (adjusted OR: 75. 2; 95% CI: 26. 7-211. 7) than were children who did not have internalizing disorders. Children who had tic disorders were more likely to receive [alpha] adrenergic agonists (adjusted OR: 215. 2; 95% CI: 21. 5-2157. 9) [ (Guevara) ]. Implications of Results After researching the use of the psychotropic drugs in children, it is clear that it is not safe. Parents, counselors, and social workers need to research and come together to find safe alternatives to de aling with their â€Å"active† children. The studies have proven the dangers of these medications and the guidelines for the ability to prescribe such medications. Conclusion amp; Recommendations * I would recommend that the Child Advocacy Center and social workers take more time figuring out the real psychological problems of these children and deal with them more through counseling and mentoring. A lot of these children’s problems or neediness comes from unstable homes and busy parents who don’t take the time to spend extra time with their children. These children are just simply reaching out for attention and love. They act out as a way to get attention not realizing that the attention they are receiving because of it is bad attention. This is not their fault; after all they are just children. It is us parents, teachers, counselors and social workers who must teach them the differences between good attention and bad attention. And them as children should not have to fight, beg, or act out for attention. I would also recommend that the parents get their children more involved in extra-curricular activities so that they can release some the energy naturally and gain confidence. A change in diet could also work, less sugar and more health foods. I also believe that the parents should spend more time with their children so that their children can gain the feeling of self worthiness and respect. One last recommendation I would like to point out is that the courts and higher authority get more involved in such cases and put a limitation to the prescribing of these harmful drugs and to the ages to which they are prescribed. * This study clearly shows how unhealthy it can be to put your child on these psychotropic drugs. With a little more effort as a society we can raise our children to be national leaders and teach them how to thrive for success. Sedating active children is absolutely not the answer. This study also clearly shows that there needs to be a more legit FDA approved way to diagnose ADHD and to prescribe medications is there is such a disease. With technology today it should be easy for scientists to come up with some sort of brain scan or blood check to determine such cases. We as adults must take into consideration that these children who are being highly medicated at such young ages, are going to be the children who take care of us as elders. What will the future be to us and to them once they become our doctors, nurses, bankers, etc? What will our future hold for us if we don’t fix the problems at hand now and stop drugging our children? We must let them be children and stop sedating them because we are too busy or too lazy to let them be children. Appendix: Works Cited Guevara, James. Psychotropic Medication Use in a Population of Children Who Have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. † (2002): 1. Leonard, Henrietta L. , M. D. â€Å"Child amp; Adolescent Psychopharmacology UPDATE. † Stimulants, Development and Substance Abuse 7. 5 (2005): 3. Null, Gary. â€Å"The Drugging of Our Children. † (2001). O’Meara, Kelly Patricia. â€Å"Hyper-Drugging of Active Kids. † Insight on the News (2001): 1-3. Plasker, Eric H. â€Å"Today’s Chiropractic. † (1997): 1-5. Williams, Armstrong. â€Å"The Drugging of America. † New York Amsterdam News (2004): 1-2. How to cite Psycotropic Drugs Used in Children, Papers

Corporate Law Partnership Act

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Lawfor Partnership Act. Answer: Introduction The question states that Jack, Jill and Max have managed to establish a healthy business which is related with the sale of truck and are now searching for a suitable legal structure to propel their business ahead. In order to capture on the future growth opportunities provided. It is imperative that the business structure must be appropriately defined. In the given case, sole trader is not possible as there are three owners have stake in the business and thus the viable alternatives for the current business are a partnership structure and a company structure (Latimer, 2005). A critical analysis of these structures along with implications is discussed below. Partnership In accordance with the relevant act of the Partnership Act, 1963, partnership refers to the relationship that exists between individuals or partners in relation to carrying on with a particular activity with the prime intention of deriving gains from indulging in the same. Also, there are some features of partnership as highlighted below. Partners tend to have fiduciary duties that are directed toward each other (Birtchnell v. Equity Trustees (1929) 43 CLR 384) The governance of partnership is driven by underlying idea of mutual participation (Green v. Beesley (1835) 2 Bing N C 108) Benefits The advantages of a partnership business are briefly outlined as shown below (Davenport Parker, 2014) There are minimal legal formalities (less cost and consumption of time) associated with its inception as potentially the execution of partnership agreement gives rise to a partnership firm. Since there are partners who are looking after the business, thus it potentially leads to better work load division in comparison with sole trader and enhances the decision making prowess owing to broader set of suggestions. There is objectively in relation to the sharing of benefits and liabilities which are driven directly from the partnership agreement and the underlying statute.. Limitations There is mutual liability of partners and hence the partners tend to bound by individual decisions taken by a particular partner with or without the consent of others (Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 at 11). There is lack of liquidity in terms of the exit option since a particular partner cannot sell the stake to another investor without consent on the same by the existing partners. There is infinite personal liability on the partners as the partnership firm does not have a separate legal identity and is known by its partners only who have to personally bear all business related liabilities (Re Buchanan Co (1876) 4 QSCR 202) Benefits of Company The business is in the companys name as it has a separate legal entity as prescribed by the Corporations Act 2001. The shareholders have no personal liability for the activities of the company and for any issue the company would be held responsible and may also face liquidation It is convenient to alter the ownership structure by the issue of the shares and hence aids is raising of incremental capital Limitations of Company There is higher requirement of time and cost with regards to inception of the company. The company typically has higher reporting obligations as compared to the other structures which may be resource consuming. Recommendation Conclusion In the given case, the owners should choose the company structure owing to the reasons attributed below. Considering the nature of business, capital requirements are expected to be high and hence company allows for convenient raising of capital through equity dilution (Harvey, 2009). In case of a faulty truck, the potential liabilities for the business can be sizable and thus the company structure would provide immunity to the personal wealth of the owners in case of any adversity As the business is expected to witness rapid growth, the tax liability in case of company would be lower than the individual tax obligation paid by the owners at the highest marginal rate (Lindgren, 2011). Issues To ascertain whether the employer (Child Toys) would have to necessarily bear the liability arising from the wrong actions taken by employee (Betty). To advice the employer (Child Toys) on the possibility of taking legal course of action against the potential violation of restrictive covenant by previous employee (Charles). Rule It is noteworthy that employer-employee relationship is a prime example of an agency relationship where the employer acts as the principal and employee tends to act as their agents. In such relationships, both the parties have fiduciary duties towards each other. In this context, the employee needs to ensure that he/she should act with care and adequate due diligence and seek to take only those actions which further the valid interests of the employer (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2015). Further, the employer need to provide immunity to the employee for their actions and bear any liabilities that may arise from the same (Keramianakis v Regional Publishers Pty Ltd, [2009] ). However, this immunity is limited only when the employee has acted in good faith (Lindgren, 2011). But, this however does not matter for the external party client who is entering into contract with the company through the agent. The agent acts as a representative and essentially the contract is executed with the company which needs to bear any contractual liabilities arising from the same. This is the case even when the employees have acted in a manner that is detrimental to the interest of the principal and that too without the knowledge or instructions from the principal to engage in the same (Amaba Pty Ltd v Booth [2011]) (Pathinayake, 2014).This understanding with regards to the liabilities being borne by the employer is also explicitly mentioned in the Section 5Q, Civil Liability Act, 2002. Further, in cases where the contracts have been executed by employees or agents through misrepresentation (innocent or fraudulent), the potential liabilities that arise from the same in the form of claims by the external party would necessarily be borne by the employer even when the it has given no instruction to the employee to engage in misrepresentation (Maxwell v Highway Hauliers Pty Ltd, [2014]). This understanding is also advocated by Section 128 and Section 129 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Davenport Parker, 2014). With regards to the enactment of restrictive covenant, these are put in place by the employers to ensure that the employee in the aftermath of termination of employment do not engage into competing activities by leveraging the privileged information that they gain access to owing to their superior position at the previous employer. In most cases, restrictive covenants are not enforceable especially when they tend to be highly restrictive in scope and intent (Latimer, 2005). It is noteworthy that businesses have privileged information that may be accessible to top executives and it is imperative that on retirement or termination of employment contract, these employees do not act in bad faith by leveraging this information to cause harm to the interests of the precious employer (Australia Pty Ltd v Allam, [2013]) (Lindgren, 2011). In such cases, when it is apparent that conduct of the employee is driven by bad faith and intent, then the restrictive covenant is held enforceable by the court of law (Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak, [2013]). Thus, it may be fair to conclude that while the restrictive covenant is not wide and highly intrusive in its scope but still in selective circumstances, it can potentially protect the employers business interests especially when the previous employee is acting on bad faith (Pathinayake, 2014). Application: Based on the case information, it would be fair to conclude that Betty is an agent of the company (Child Toys) and has entered into a contract based on fraudulent misrepresentation. Due to this contract, a child got severely injured as presence of chemicals in toys was confirmed. While the agent did not inform or take permission from the company before misrepresentation of facts, but despite that the employer would be liable for the injuries sustained by the child. However, in case of betty indulging in misrepresentation without instructions from the company, then she has breached her fiduciary duties and could be held liable by Child Toys. It is apparent that Charles had a privileged position at Child Toys which provided access to clients and a better understanding of their individual requirements in terms of toys. Despite the enactment of a restrictive covenant which extended to two years, Charles immediately after leaving the company opened a rival business and started doing business with the clientele of the previous employer. Ideally, Charles should not have approached these clients directly and this amounts to acting in bad faith due to which the enforceability of the restrictive covenant would be hailed by the court and the company can take legal course of action to seek damages or get an injunction order to prevent Charles from repeating it. Conclusion: The company (Child Toys) has to bear the losses and damages claimed due to misrepresentation by Betty. The restrictive contract is considered enforceable as Charles acted in bad faith by directly seeking business from the previous employers clients and hence legal actions can be undertaken by Child Toys. References Statutes and Case Laws Partnership Act, 1963 Corporations Act, 2001 Amaba Pty Ltd v Booth [2011]. 283 ALR 461; Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v Allam (2013) 297 ALR 406 Birtchnell v. Equity Trustees (1929) 43 CLR 384 Green v. Beesley (1835) 2 Bing N C 108 Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 at 11 Keramianakis v Regional Publishers Pty Ltd(2009) HCA 18. 237 CLR 268 Maxwell v Highway Hauliers Pty Ltd (2014) HCA 33 Re Megevand; Ex parte Delhasse (1878) 7 Ch D 511 Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak (2013) HCA 43 Books Davenport, S Parker, D 2014, Business and Law in Australia, 2nd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Harvey, C. 2009, Foundations of Australian law. 3rd eds., Tilde University Press, Prahran, Victoria Latimer, P 2005. Australian business law, 24th eds., CCH Australia Ltd. Sydney Lindgren, KE 2011, Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Paterson, J, Robertson, A Duke, A 2015, Principles of Contract Law, 5th eds., Thomson Reuters, Sydney Pathinayake, A 2014, Commercial and Corporations Law, 2nd eds., Thomson-Reuters, Sydney